Internal energy extends the notion of specific energy so that the size of a particle can be established from calibrated laboratory experiments. Consider a generic particle P characterized by some repetitive chain of events noted as

where each orbital cycle is a bundle of seeds

Let each seed be described by the specific energy and the audibility. We characterize P using a sum over all of these component seeds

The number is called the internal energy of P. The internal energy may be positive, negative or zero depending on a particle’s composition and some choice for the calorimetric reference sensation.

To establish numerical values for the internal energy consider a down-quark defined by the pair of seeds . Applying the foregoing definition of internal energy gives . If a down-seed has just about the same specific energy as an ordinary conjugate-seed, then

and

Internal Energy
(eV)
1U242 926 032
2D-0000 027 2
3E-31 966 250
4G298 359 162
5M1 185 795 604
6A3 122 059
7T149 556 239
8B-85 011 771
9S50 119 218
10C-53 062 870
11-222
12-180
13-211
14-255
15-0028 8
16-0049 0

Let us require experimental practice to obtain this this consistently; for example, by using the down quark as a reference particle to set the null value when measuring internal energy. Down quarks are objectified from black sensations, so this requirement could be interpreted as closing any shutters and using insulation so that a measuring instrument is completely isolated and in the dark when indicating zero. The other numbers shown in the accompanying table are obtained by juggling quark coefficients with observations of molecular bond strength and nuclear particle mass. The conventional unit used for reporting these measurements is the electronvolt abbreviated as (eV). Results are presented without the use of scientific notation to graphically emphasize how quark energies range over about fifteen orders of magnitude. The structure of this huge variation governs the subsequent division of analysis into nuclear, atomic and ‘dark’ regimes.

## Anti-Quark Energies

An ordinary quark and its associated anti-quark have the same internal energy if conjugate symmetry can be assumed. To see this, consider the generic quarks

and

By the foregoing definition, the internal energy for these particles is given by

and

The hypothesis of conjugate symmetry asserts that . Then both quarks have the same internal energy and we can use the quark index to refer to either quark

However, we cannot always assume conjugate symmetry. Then we use a conjugate difference and a conjugate mean to describe the relationship between quarks and anti-quarks.

and

## Internal Energy is Conserved

Consider that each each orbital cycle of P may also be described as a bundle of quarks

Each quark is composed from a pair of seeds . And from the foregoing definition of internal energy

Then changing the sum over seeds, to a sum over quarks, gives

The internal energy of a compound quark is just the sum its parts. But quarks are conserved. And the internal energy of each quark has a fixed value. So whenever some generic compound quarks and interact, if

then

And so internal energy is conserved. This also implies that any particle has the same internal energy as its anti-particle. Because If there is conjugate symmetry, then swapping quarks doesn’t change the total energy, so