Photon Definitions – EthnoPhysics

Let particle P be characterized by some repetitive chain of events written as

$\Psi^{\mathsf{P}} = \left( \mathsf{\Omega}_{1}, \, \mathsf{\Omega}_{2}, \, \mathsf{\Omega}_{3} \; \ldots \; \right)$

where each repeated cycle is a bundle of quarks

$\mathsf{\Omega}^{\mathsf{P}} = \left( \mathsf{q}_{1}, \, \mathsf{q}_{2}, \; \ldots \; \mathsf{q}_{N} \right)$

and each quark is described by its phase $\delta_{\theta}$ . Use this phase to sort quarks into a pair of sets, $\mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\circ}}$ and $\mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\bullet}}$ , so that all quarks of the same phase are in the same set. Then $\mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\circ}}$ and $\mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\bullet}}$ are called phase components of P, and they are out of phase with each other. We write

$\mathsf{\Omega}^{\mathsf{P}} = \left\{ \mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\circ}}, \, \mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\bullet}} \rule{0px}{9px} \right\}$

and

$\delta_{\theta} \left( \mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\circ}} \right) = - \, \delta_{\theta} \left( \mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\bullet}} \right)$

Now let P be an almost perfectly phase anti-symmetric particle so that $\mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\circ}} = \overline{\mathcal{A}_{\LARGE{\bullet}}}$ for all types of quarks, except perhaps down quarks. Then we define a photon $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ as a particle like P, that also satisfies the conditions

$N^{\mathsf{D}} = N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \pm 8$

and

$\left| {\Delta}n^{\mathsf{Z}} \rule{0px}{10px} \right| = \begin{cases} \ \ 0 \ &\mathsf{\text{if}} \ {\mathsf{Z \ne D}} \\ \; \ge 8 \ &\mathsf{\text{if}} \ {\mathsf{Z = D}} \end{cases}$

These constrain the angular momentum $\textsl{\textsf{J}}$ and the inner radius $\rho_{in}$ so that, for all photons

$\textsl{\textsf{J}} \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \right) = 1$

and

$\rho_{in} \! \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \right) \ge \sqrt{ \dfrac{hc}{2\pi k_{\mathsf{F}}} \rule{0px}{17px} }$

Notice that solitary photons are excluded from particle cores. So under some conditions, we may be able to say that $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ is a free particle.

Anti-Photons

For EthnoPhysics anti-photons are just like other anti-particles. So $\overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}$ is defined from $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ by exchanging ordinary-quarks with anti-quarks of the same type, while leaving the phase and other relationships unchanged. In a photon, $\Delta n = 0$ for all quarks except down-quarks. So photons and anti-photons have just about the same characteristics as each other

$\textsl{\textsf{J}} \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \right) = \textsl{\textsf{J}} \left( \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \right)$

and

$\rho_{in} \! \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \right) = \rho_{in} \! \left( \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \right)$

But $\Delta n^{\mathsf{D}} \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \right) = - \Delta n^{\mathsf{D}} \left( \overline{ \boldsymbol{\gamma}} \right)$ . And photons also have relative characteristics which may differ between $\overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}$ and $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ depending on their juxtaposition with a frame of reference. For example, the wavevector $\overline{\kappa}$ depends on the phase so that

$\overline{\kappa} \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \right) = - \, \overline{\kappa} \left( \overline{ \boldsymbol{\gamma}} \right)$

and the two photons have symmetrically opposed wavevectors. So photons and anti-photons are mostly the same as each other, but moving in opposite directions. Next we consider some other types of photons.

Photons have almost perfect phase anti-symmetry, somewhat like this bead panel from Indonesia. — Baby Carrier panel, Ngaju people. Borneo 20th century, 33 x 26 cm. Photograph by D Dunlop.