Consider a photon described by an out of phase pair of components

that are almost perfectly anti-symmetric so that

for all quarks except down quarks. Many photon attributes are nil because phase anti-symmetry implies that almost every quark is matched with a corresponding anti-quark somewhere in the photon. So for most types of quark Z, the net number of quarks is zero

As for the down-quarks, is not zero. But recall that by convention, the internal energy of down-quarks is so small that it is usually taken to be zero. Then any imbalance between ordinary down quarks and down anti-quarks can be ignored. Substituting these conditions into the definitions for charge, strangeness, lepton number, baryon number and enthalpy gives

and

Recall that the lepton-number, baryon-number and charge are conserved, so a particle may freely absorb or emit countless photons without altering its own values for these quantum numbers. No work is required to assemble a photon because the two phase components and have radius vectors with the same norm, but in opposing directions

so that

Then too. But not all photon characteristics are null; the outer radius and the inner radius may be greater than zero. Also consider the wavevector which is found from the sum

But and are out of phase, so . And radius vectors are symmetrically opposed, so . These two negative factors cancel each other such that . Then we can express the wavevector as

The wavenumber is given by the norm of the wavevector, so

We can drop the subscript on because both phase-components have the same norm. And recall that is the work required to build one of these phase-components. So in energetic terms, the photon’s wavenumber can be written as

Photon Type𝜆 (m)
a gamma-ray
an X-ray
an ultraviolet photon
a visible photon
an infrared photon
a microwave