Fields – EthnoPhysics

Outline

Particles that are composed entirely from ethereal, imaginary and neutral components can be difficult to distinguish from other more prominent phenomena. So if there are a lot of these elusive quanta in a description then it may be more convenient to group them together and refer to them collectively as a field. Different sorts of fields are defined by different collections and distributions of quarks.

Fields and Forces

Field components may be unnoticeable as individual quanta. But nonetheless, they might still carry a little bit of momentum. So a field that contains many quarks can still cause significant effects. Historically, very noticeable phenomena led to the development of field theories about gravity and electromagnetism. This connection between fields and their effects is articulated by designating various specific field-quanta as exchange particles for carrying a force of some sort. And the rest of this page examines various fields as a preamble for developing ideas about Newtonian forces.

The fields that we discuss here are mostly collections of photons that have been defined from quarks paired with their anti-quarks. But various other sorts of fields can also be modeled by particles matched with their conjugate twins. So we use these $\mathsf{q \overline{q}}$ pairs like building-blocks and call them simple field-quanta.

Simple Field-Quanta

A pair of quarks that are out of phase anti-quarks to each other is called a simple field-quantum. By this definition, the net number of quarks in these particles is always zero. So these simple quanta have no mass, no charge, a baryon number of zero, no lepton number and zero strangeness. But they do have distinct temperatures and internal energies. The quarks in these pairs are generically called field quarks.

We use the symbol $\mathscr{F}$ to denote a simple field-quantum. For these quanta there are always two possible arrangements that depend on the phase of their components. That is, descriptions depend on the chirality of the reference frame. The phase of a quark is noted with a subscript like $\mathsf{e_{\mdsmwhtcircle}}$ or $\mathsf{e_{\mdsmblkcircle}} \hspace{0.5pt} .$ For example consider the following pairs of quarks that have their phases illustrated by background shading.

$\mathscr{F} \! ( \mathsf{e} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \overline{\mathsf{e}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \, \right\}$

$\overline{\mathscr{F}} \! ( \mathsf{e} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathsf{e}}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \, \right\}$

Roughly speaking, simple dynamic field-quanta are like little bits of linear-momentum. And momentum is conserved. So if some particle interacts with a dynamic field-quantum then its own momentum may change. If so, we say that it experiences a force that is caused by the field. Here are a few simple field-quanta that we use in upcoming discussion.

Electromagnetic Fields

For EthnoPhysics, our understanding of electromagnetism started with an analysis of chromatic sensations. These visual events were objectified as leptonic seeds. Then leptonic-seeds were combined with conjugate seeds to define eight leptonic quarks.

Vaguely specified collections of leptonic-quarks are generically called electromagnetic fields. Sets that feature electronic-quarks may be called electric fields. And collections formed from muonic-quarks are often called magnetic fields.

Large electromagnetic quanta are well-known as photons. But next we take a look at some smaller clusters of leptonic-quarks that are typically called poles, as in monopoles, dipoles and quadrupoles.

Leptonic Monopoles

Consider a set of leptonic-quarks that are all the same type. To satisfy Anaxagorean narrative conventions, Cantor’s definition of a set, and Pauli’s exclusion principle, these quarks must all be perfectly distinct from each other. But since they are all the same quark-type, they can only be uniquely identified by their phase, or by association with other particles in nested sets.

So to describe phenomena that are just slightly more complicated than a simple field-quantum, we next consider collections that use just one nested-set. Then 4 is the maximum number of same-type quarks that can be logically included. So we use sets of 4 leptonic-quarks to represent saturated colors. They are called leptonic monopoles and discussed next.

Electronic Monopole

An electromagnetic field quantum, noted as ⓔ, can be formed from four electric quarks that are distinguished from each other by their phase, or by association with another quark in a nested set. Thus an electronic monopole is defined by

ⓔ $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{e}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{e}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

The quark coefficients of ⓔ are $n^{\mathsf{e}} \! = \! 4$ and $n^{\overline{\mathsf{e}}} \! = \! 0 .$ So $N^{\mathsf{E}} \! = \! 4$ and $\Delta n^{\mathsf{E}} \! = \! -4 .$

All other coefficients are zero. No muonic-quarks are involved, so the magnetic radius of ⓔ is zero. No chemical quarks quarks are contained in ⓔ, so $\mathcal{R}_{core} \! = 0 .$ There are also no rotating quarks therefore the central radius of ⓔ is zero. The absence of rotating-quarks means that the total angular momentum quantum-number is $\textsl{\textsf{J}} \hspace{0.5pt} \raisebox{1px}{(}$ ⓔ) $= 0 .$ No baryonic quarks are included in ⓔ. So its charge quantum number is $\it{q} \raisebox{1px}{(}$ ⓔ) $= 0 .$ And so is its baryon number, $\it{B} \raisebox{1px}{(}$ ⓔ) $= 0 .$

But the electronic monopole has a few important non-zero characteristics. Its electric polarity is $\delta_{\widehat{e}}$ $($ ⓔ $)$ $= +1 .$ Its electric radius is given by $\rho_{e}$ $($ ⓔ $)$ $\normalsize = 4 U^{\mathsf{E}} \! /k_{\mathsf{F}} .$ And its lepton number is $L$ $($ ⓔ $)$ $= 1 \! /2 .$ This non-integer value for the lepton-number means that ⓔ does not fit into homogeneous spacetime descriptions. Here are some other monopoles that can be analyzed in a similar way.

Muonic Monopole

ⓜ $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

Faraday Monopole

⦿ $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{g}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{g}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{g}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{g}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

Maxwell Monopole

⊛ $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{m}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{m}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{m}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{m}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

Sensory interpretation: The foregoing monopoles are objectified from chromatically uniform events. E.g. all yellow sensations, all red, all blue or completely green visual experiences. These sensations are distinct. And they may vary independently of each other. So leptonic monopoles are also distinct and independently variable. Consequently, they may be further developed into descriptions that use differential equations that are separable.

Multipoles

Next we consider some fields that are composed from a mix of electronic and muonic seeds. They are objectified from mixed colors like orange. Their electric-fields may not be completely separable from their magnetic-fields.

Electronic Dipole

Ⓔ $\equiv$ { ⓔ , ⦿}

Muonic Dipole

M $\equiv$ { ⓜ , ⊛}

Tau Dipole

ⓣ $=$ { ⓔ, ⓜ}

The quarks in these sets are all distinguished from each other by their phases, or by association with other quarks in nested sets. For example ⓣ is defined using $\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}$ and $\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} ,$ a symmetric pair of phase components given by

ⓣ $\equiv \left\{ \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \, \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\} \; \; \; \text{\sf{where}}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \! \left( \rule{0px}{10 px} \right.$ ⓣ $\left. \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \! \left( \rule{0px}{10 px} \right.$ ⓣ $\left. \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

Tau Quadrupole

Phase-symmetric sets, $\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}$ and $\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} ,$ that include all four types of leptonic-quarks are used to define the tau quadrupole Ⓣ, as

Ⓣ $\equiv \left\{ \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \, \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\} \; \; \; \text{\sf{where}}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \! \left( \rule{0px}{10 px} \right.$ Ⓣ $\left. \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{g}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \overline{\mathsf{m}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \rule{0px}{10px} \right\}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \! \left( \rule{0px}{10 px} \right.$ Ⓣ $\left. \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{g}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \overline{\mathsf{m}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \rule{0px}{10px} \right\}$

Summary of Leptonic Quanta

Rotating Fields

For EthnoPhysics, our understanding of rotation started with an analysis of achromatic visual sensations. These experiences were objectified as rotating seeds. Then rotating-seeds were combined with conjugate seeds to define four rotating quarks. A vague collection of rotating-quarks might be called a rotating field, a vortex, a cyclone or perhaps a whirlpool. But to be more precise, we next focus on some specific clusters in these fields.

A particle that contains just four rotating-quarks is called a roton. Here are a dozen of them that we are going to use for describing nuclear phenomena. Roughly speaking, these quanta are like little bits of angular momentum. They transmit torques. The conjugate twin of a roton is called an anti-roton.

Planck’s Roton

A rotating field quantum, symbolized by $\textsf{\ding{115}} \hspace{0.5pt} ,$ can be formed from four up-quarks that are distinguished from each other by their phase, or by association with another quark in a nested set. Thus Planck’s roton is defined by

$\textsf{\ding{115}} \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{u}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{u}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{u}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{u}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

This collection has quark-coefficients of $N^{\mathsf{U}} \! = \! 4$ and $\Delta n^{\mathsf{U}} \! = \! -4 \hspace{0.5pt} ,$ all other coefficients are zero. No leptonic quarks are involved, so both electric and magnetic radii are zero. The lepton number is $L$ $($ $\textsf{\ding{115}}$ $)$ $= 0 .$ No baryonic quarks are included so the charge quantum number is $\scalebox{1.1}{\it{q}} \! \left( \textsf{\ding{115}} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) \! = 0 \, .$ No chemical quarks are contained in $\textsf{\ding{115}} \hspace{0.5pt} ,$ so $\mathcal{R}_{core} \! = 0 .$ And there are also no down-quarks. So the central binding energy is

$\mathcal{B}$ $\left( \raisebox{-1px}{\textsf{\ding{115}}} \right) = - \Delta n^{\mathsf{U}} U^{\mathsf{U}} = +972$ (MeV)

A particle with such a large positive binding-energy is an explosion about to happen. But Planck’s roton has a conjugate-twin defined by

$\overline{\textsf{\ding{115}}} \equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

This particle, called Planck’s anti-roton, has an equally large but negative binding-energy. And it is cold, about -542 (K). So $\overline{\textsf{\ding{115}}}$ has an extremely long mean life. Indeed it is a key component in electrons which are never observed to decay. Both Planck rotons have a total angular momentum quantum-number of $\textsl{\textsf{J}} \! = \! 1 \! /2 \hspace{0.5pt} .$

Up and Down Rotons

Pairs of simple field quanta like $\mathscr{F} \! ( \mathsf{u} )$ and $\mathscr{F} \! ( \mathsf{d} )$ may be combined to define some useful particles that have no enthalpy or mass. But, they nonetheless retain distinct temperatures and energies.

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\hspace{0.7pt} \mathsf{U}} \; \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{u}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{u}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \, \right\}$

and

$\textsf{\ding{116}}_{\! \mathsf{D}} \; \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \, \right\}$

Dark Rotons

A rotating field quantum, symbolized by $\textsf{\ding{116}} ,$ can be formed from four down-quarks. These quarks must be specified so that each one is distinct despite all being the same type. So they are distinguished by their phase, or by association with another quark in a nested set. Thus a dark roton is defined by

$\textsf{\ding{116}} \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

The quark-coefficients of this particle are $N^{\mathsf{D}} \! = \! 4$ and $\Delta n^{\mathsf{D}} \! = \! -4 \hspace{0.5pt} ,$ all other coefficients are zero. No leptonic quarks are involved, so both electric and magnetic radii are zero. And the central radius is extremely small because down-quarks have an internal energy of order $10^{-5} \; \text{\textsf{(eV).}}$ So we say that $\textsf{\ding{116}}$ is pointy. Indeed these particles are so small that they are almost undetectable.

But dark-rotons have one essential quality that is not zero, they are fermions. Their total angular momentum quantum-number is $\textsl{\textsf{J}} \! \left( \raisebox{-1px}{\textsf{\ding{116}}} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) \! = \! 1 \! /2 \hspace{0.5pt} .$ And they are pointy, so their spin quantum number $s \hspace{0.5pt} ,$ is given by $s \! = \! \textsl{\textsf{J}} .$ Thus $s \! \left( \raisebox{-1px}{\textsf{\ding{116}}} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) \! = \! 1 \! /2 \hspace{0.5pt}$ and so $\textsf{\ding{116}}$ satisfies the definition for being a fermion. A dark anti-roton, the conjugate twin to $\textsf{\ding{116}} \, ,$ is defined by

$\overline{\textsf{\ding{116}}} \equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

Thus down-rotons and dark-rotons contain only down-quarks. No other quark-type is included. These rotons are examples of an obscure class of particles called dark-quanta. We say more about dark quanta later, but next lets consider some colorful sensations represented by leptonic-rotons.

Leptonic Rotons

The Planck rotons $\textsf{\ding{115}}$ and $\overline{ \textsf{\ding{115}} }$ may be combined with various leptonic monopoles to define some field-quanta called leptonic rotons. These particles acquire rotating quarks from the roton, and leptonic-quarks from the monopoles. So leptonic-rotons are objectified from the full gamut of visual sensation. All these quanta have a lepton number of $L \! = \! \pm 1 \! /2 \, .$ This is not an integer, so leptonic-rotons do not fit into homogeneous spacetime descriptions.

Leptonic-rotons are noteworthy because they are key components in neutrinos and charged leptons. For example, electronic neutrinos have their rotation specified using a little electronic roton where an electric monopole ⓔ, is bound to a Planck roton $\textsf{\ding{115}} ,$ with a dark photon $\boldsymbol{\gamma}^{\! \text{\ding{70}}} \! .$ And here are some more definitions of leptonic-rotons.

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathit{e}} \equiv$ { $\textsf{\ding{115}} \hspace{1px} ,$ ⓔ $,$ $\boldsymbol{\gamma}^{\! \text{\ding{70}}}$ }

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{E}} \equiv$ { $\overline{\textsf{\ding{115}}} \hspace{1px} ,$ Ⓔ}

A little muonic roton $\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mu}$ and a big muonic roton $\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{M}} \, ,$ are defined from a muonic monopole ⓜ and a muonic dipole M. They are used to define muonic neutrinos and muons.

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\! \mu} \equiv$ { $\overline{\textsf{\ding{115}}} \hspace{1px} ,$ ⓜ}

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{M}} \equiv$ { $\overline{\textsf{\ding{115}}} \hspace{1px} ,$ M}

And finally, here are two tauonic rotons, little and big, defined from a tau dipole ⓣ and a tau quadrupole Ⓣ. They are used to specify tauonic neutrinos and charged tau leptons.

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\tau} \equiv$ { $\textsf{\ding{115}} \hspace{1px} ,$ ⓣ $,$ $\boldsymbol{\gamma}^{\! \text{\ding{70}}}$ }

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{T}} =$ { $\overline{\textsf{\ding{115}}} \hspace{1px} ,$ Ⓣ}

The quarks in all these sets are all distinguished from each other by their phases, or by association with other quarks in nested sets. So for example, the big tau-roton $\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{T}} \hspace{2px} ,$ is defined using $\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}$ and $\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} ,$ a symmetric pair of phase components, such that all four up-quarks can be uniquely identified.

$\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{T}} \equiv \left\{ \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \, \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\} \; \; \; \text{\sf{where}}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \! \left( \textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{T}} \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \right\}, \rule{0px}{12px} \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{ \mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{g}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{m}}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \right\} \right\}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \! \left( \textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{T}} \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{e}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{a}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}, \rule{0px}{12px} \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{g}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{m}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \right\}$

Summary of Rotating Quanta

Chemical Fields

For EthnoPhysics, our understanding of chemistry is based on an analysis of oral sensation. Some of the more flavorful experiences in this category have been objectified to define chemical seeds. Then chemical-seeds were combined with conjugate seeds to define twelve chemical quarks.

Vague collections of chemical-quarks might be called chemical solutions, emulsions or aerosols. Their larger quanta are well-known as atoms and molecules. But next we take a look at some smaller, more elusive clusters.

Stereoisomers

Field-quanta that contain just four stereochemical quarks arranged in various permutations are called stereoisomers. They are associated with the handedness of a particle. Here are a dozen of these individual quanta that we employ to describe nuclear particles.

The Elementary Stereoisomer

A particle called the elementary stereoisomer, symbolized by S, is defined from four dextro quarks that are distinguished from each other by their phase, or by association with another quark in a nested set. Thus

S $\equiv \hspace{2px} \left\{ \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

This isomer has quark coefficients of $\Delta n^{\textcircled{\raisebox{.5pt}{\sf{\tiny{L}}}}} \! = \! 0$ and $\Delta n^{\textcircled{\raisebox{.5pt}{\sf{\tiny{D}}}}} \! = \! -4 .$ So it is a left handed particle. It has no mass or charge. And it does not contain any rotating quarks. So it is not rotating, just left-handed. The elementary stereoisomer has a conjugate-twin that is right-handed

S $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathbf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{d}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathbf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{d}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

Please notice that the dextro-quarks in these quanta are marked using $\mathbf{d}$ in a bold serified font. This is different from $\mathsf{d}$ which was used earlier to symbolize down-quarks.

Lefty Stereoisomers

Here are two quanta called lefties. They are symbolized by the letter Z and are defined from levo quarks as

Z $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

and

Z $\equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

Dextro and Levo Stereoisomers

Simple field quanta like $\mathscr{F} \! ( \mathbf{d} )$ and $\mathscr{F} \! ( \mathbf{l} )$ may be combined to define some useful particles that have no overall handedness, no enthalpy and no mass. But they still have distinct energies and temperatures. These isomers are defined as

𝙎 $\equiv \left\{ \mathbf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{d}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}$

and

𝙕 $\equiv \left\{ \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \; \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \; \mathbf{l}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \; \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}$

Leptonic Stereoisomers

The elementary-stereoisomer, symbolized by S, can be combined with various leptonic monopoles and leptonic rotons to define some field-quanta called leptonic stereoisomers. These particles take rotating quarks from the rotons, and leptonic quarks from the monopoles. So leptonic-stereoisomers can represent a full range of visual sensation.

Leptonic-stereoisomers are noteworthy because they are important parts of neutrinos and charged leptons. For example, electronic neutrinos and electrons have their handedness specified using these electronic stereoisomers

S_E $\equiv$ {S $, \hspace{1px} \textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{E}}$ }

and

S_e $\equiv$ {S $,$ ⓔ}

Muonic neutrinos and muons are defined using the following muonic stereoisomers, a little one and a big one

S_M $\equiv$ {S $, \hspace{1px} \textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{M}}$ }

and

S_μ $\equiv$ {S $,$ ⓜ}

Finally, here is a tauonic stereoisomer that specifies the handedness for charged tau leptons

S_T $\equiv$ {S $, \hspace{1px} \textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{T}}$ }

The Lamb Quantum

A chemical field quantum, symbolized by $\text{\L} \hspace{1px} ,$ can be specified by the union of a levo-stereoisomer 𝙕 ,with an up roton $\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\mathsf{U}}$ and a dark roton $\textsf{\ding{116}} \hspace{1px} .$ We write

$\text{\L} \, =$ { $\textsf{\ding{115}}_{\hspace{0.7pt} \mathsf{U}} \, , \raisebox{-1px}{\textsf{\ding{116}}} \, ,$ 𝙕}

The quarks in this set are distinguished from each other by their phase, or by association with other quarks in a nested set. Thus the Lamb quantum is defined by

$\text{\L}$ $\equiv \left\{ \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\} \; \; \; \text{\sf{where}}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \! \left( \text{\L} \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{u}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \right\}, \,\mathbf{l}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \! \left( \text{\L} \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{u}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \left\{ \overline{\mathsf{u}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}, \,\mathbf{l}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

Roughly speaking, absorbing or emitting $\text{\L}$ causes a little torque because it changes the azimuthal quantum number by $\Delta \ell \! = \! \pm 1 .$ Later we use this Lamb quantum to explain the Lamb shift .

Summary of Stereochemical Quanta

Gravitational Fields

For EthnoPhysics, our understanding of gravity is based on an analysis of photons. That is, we recognize a gravitational field as a complex type of electromagnetic field. Gravitational fields have a strong historical relationship with the reference-sensation of touching the earth. Their field-quanta are called gravitons. Thus gravitons are exchange particles for gravitational forces.

Gravitons

The union of a photon $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ with its conjugate twin, an anti-photon $\overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} ,$ is noted by the symbol $\mathsf{\Gamma}$ and called a graviton

$\mathsf{\Gamma} \equiv \left\{ \, \boldsymbol{\gamma}, \, \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \, \right\}$

So in a graviton, the net number of any sort of quark is zero, including down quarks. Substituting this $\Delta n \! = \! 0$ condition into the definitions for charge, strangeness, lepton number, baryon number and enthalpy gives

$q \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)=0$

$S \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)=0$

$L \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)=0$

$B \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)=0$

and

$H \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)=0$

Then recall that the lepton-number, baryon-number and charge are conserved, so any particle may absorb or emit countless gravitons without altering its own quantum numbers.

Graviton Mass

Show $\overline{\rho} \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) = (0, 0, 0)$

Then no work $W$ is required to assemble the quarks in a graviton

$W \hspace{-3px} \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) \equiv k_{\mathsf{F}} \left\| \, \overline{\rho} \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) \right\| = 0$

This result is combined with the null value for the enthalpy given above to find the rest mass of a gravition as

$m \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) \equiv \dfrac{1}{c^{2}} \sqrt{ H^{2}-W^{2} \; } = 0$

Graviton Angular Momentum

Let $N^{\mathsf{U}}$ and $N^{\mathsf{D}}$ note the number of up seeds and down seeds in a particle. And recall that seeds are conserved. So the foregoing definition of a graviton as $\mathsf{\Gamma} \! \equiv \! \left\{ \boldsymbol{\gamma}, \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \right\}$ implies that

$N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) = N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) + N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \left( \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)$

and

$N^{\mathsf{D}} \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) = N^{\mathsf{D}} \! \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) + N^{\mathsf{D}} \! \left( \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)$

But particles and their conjugate twins both contain the same selection of thermodynamic seeds. So $N^{\mathsf{U}} ( \boldsymbol{\gamma} ) \! = \! N^{\mathsf{U}} ( \hspace{0.5pt} \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \hspace{0.5pt} )$ and $N^{\mathsf{D}} ( \boldsymbol{\gamma} ) \! = \! N^{\mathsf{D}} ( \hspace{0.5pt} \overline{\boldsymbol{\gamma}} \hspace{0.5pt} )$ . Then the seed coefficients of the graviton are given by

$N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) = 2N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)$

and

$N^{\mathsf{D}} \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right) = 2N^{\mathsf{D}} \! \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \rule{0px}{10px} \right)$

Substituting these coefficients into the definition of the total angular momentum quantum number gives

$\begin{equation*} \begin{split} \textsl{\textsf{J}} \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{8px}\right) & \equiv \dfrac{ \, \left| \, N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{8px}\right) - N^{\mathsf{D}} \! \left(\mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{8px}\right) \, \right| \, }{8} \\ & = \dfrac{ \, \left| \, 2N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \left( \boldsymbol{\gamma} \rule{0px}{8px}\right) - 2N^{\mathsf{D}} \! \left(\boldsymbol{\gamma} \rule{0px}{8px}\right) \, \right| \, }{8} \rule{0px}{24px} \end{split} \end{equation*}$

Then recall that by definition all photons have $N^{\mathsf{D}} \! = \! N^{\mathsf{U}} \! \pm 8 .$ So eliminating $N^{\mathsf{D}}$ gives.

$\textsl{\textsf{J}} \left( \mathsf{\Gamma} \rule{0px}{8px}\right) = \dfrac{ \, \left| \, 2N^{\mathsf{U}} (\boldsymbol{\gamma}) - 2 \left( N^{\mathsf{U}} (\boldsymbol{\gamma}) \pm 8 \rule{0px}{8px} \right) \right| \, }{8} = 2$

More About Gravitons

You can jump ahead for more details about gravitons.

Summary of Gravitational Quanta

An Iban bidang from Sarawak. — Bidang, Iban people. Sarawak 20th century, 56 x 119 cm. Widow style, ikat technique. From the Teo Family collection, Kuching. Photograph by D Dunlop.

Dark Fields

Here we consider some field-quanta that are composed exclusively from down quarks. In general, these particles are called dark quanta. They all have no mass. And they all have the same temperature of -760 (K). This implies that they have a mean lifetime that is longer than atomic hydrogen: They never decay.

The simplest of these dark-quanta are just the individual down quarks noted using $\mathsf{d}$ and $\mathsf{\overline{d}} .$ Down-quarks are also graphically represented by the clickable icons

As discussed earlier, pairs of quarks can be used to define some simple field-quanta. This is illustrated for down-quarks in the following images which use background shading to indicate phase relationships. These particles are called simple down field-quanta.

$\mathscr{F} \! ( \mathsf{d} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}$

$\overline{\mathscr{F}} \! ( \mathsf{d} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}$

Down quarks and down anti-quarks are so small that they are almost undetectable. They are conjugate twins that cannot be told apart in the laboratory. Nonetheless, we may logically include both twins in the same set because their phases are different. This is why we may also consider more quark-pairs written as $\mathsf{dd}$ and $\mathsf{\overline{d} \overline{d}} .$ These particles are called simple dark field-quanta.

$\mathscr{F} \! ( \mathsf{dd} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}$

$\overline{\mathscr{F}} \! ( \mathsf{dd} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \overline{\mathsf{d}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\}$

The foregoing simple field-quanta contain just two rotating-quarks. Quanta that contain four rotating-quarks have already been discussed above as the dark roton

and the down roton

Some shadowy photons $\boldsymbol{\gamma}_{\! \mathsf{D}}$ and $\boldsymbol{\! \gamma}^{\text{\ding{70}}}$ are composed from eight down-quarks. They are used, for example, to excite rotating protons. And we also ponder a few shady gravitons $\mathsf{\Gamma}_{\! \! \text{\ding{70}}}$ made from 16 quarks.

All dark-quanta have internal-energies that are very close to zero; just a few hundred micro electronvolts. This amount is utterly negligible in the realm of nuclear reactions where particle energies are typically billions of times larger and measured in (MeV). It is also imperceptible in most atomic and chemical reactions where energies are about a million times larger.

Indeed, the only controlled experimental access we have to these elusive particles comes from precise observations of fine structure in atomic spectra. So by convention we almost always ignore dark-quanta by assuming their internal-energy is zero.

Individually, dark-quanta do not cause noticeable effects. But since their energies are non-zero, they may be collectively relevant if there are enough of them. And enormous quantities are possible when considering astronomical distances. Then dark-quanta may contribute to dark energy .

Summary of Dark Quanta

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