The Proton – EthnoPhysics

Outline

A Seed Model of the Proton

The proton is represented by this collage of twentyfour seed icons.

EthnoPhysics describes the proton by starting with an archetypal chain of events written as $\Psi ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) = \left( \mathsf{\Omega}_{1}, \, \mathsf{\Omega}_{2}, \, \mathsf{\Omega}_{3} \; \ldots \; \right) \! .$ Each repeated cycle $\mathsf{\Omega}$ is a bundle of 24 Anaxagorean sensations. These prototypical sensations are; eight lateral perceptions on the right-side, four on the left, four burning thermal feelings, four freezing, and finally four black visual sensations. This primordial bundle of sensation is objectified as a proton. And it anchors all our subsequent discussion about space.

Any Anaxagorean sensation may be objectified to define a seed. So to make a seed-aggregate model for the proton we express $\mathsf{\Omega}$ as a bundle of 24 seeds. These seeds are symbolized by upper-case Roman letters; $\mathsf{D}$ notes a down-seed. $\mathsf{B}$ marks a bottom-seed. Top-seeds are noted by $\mathsf{T} ,$ odd-seeds written as as $\overline{\mathsf{O}} ,$ and ordinary-seeds are symbolized by $\mathsf{O} .$ Thus we represent the proton as

$\mathsf{\Omega} ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) \leftrightarrow \mathrm{4}\mathsf{D} + \mathrm{4}\mathsf{B} + \mathrm{4}\mathsf{T} + \mathrm{8}\mathsf{O} + \mathrm{4}\overline{\mathsf{O}}$

To describe our sensory experiences and discuss them scientifically we almost always require protons. This is because our understanding of Cartesian geometry depends on using protons to establish endpoints for the measurement of length. Any well-defined three-dimensional position must be pinned-down by a proton in an atom. Concepts like place, location and distance are necessarily defined using protons.

Protons are therefore ubiquitous just by the definition of length. Their seeds must be everywhere. Any place capable of being logically assigned to a spatial position in a Cartesian coordinate system must contain these prototypical seeds. Thus EthnoPhysics is obliquely influenced by Aristotle’s notion of πανσπερμία or panspermia.¹Aristotle, Physics 203 a 21, De Caelo 303 a 16, and De Anima 404 a 4.

A Quark Model of the Proton

Quarks are defined by pairs of seeds. So the seed-aggregate model of the proton is further developed by associating seeds in pairs to form the following quarks

→

A proton can then be represented by a bundle of twelve quarks. Here is a symbolic way of expressing the arrangement, along with an iconic image for the model

$\mathsf{\Omega} ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) \leftrightarrow \mathrm{4}\mathsf{b} + \mathrm{4}\overline{\mathsf{t}} + \mathrm{4}\mathsf{d}$

The proton is represented by this image of twelve quark icons stacked into a parallelepiped.

With these quarks the mass of the proton, written as $m_{\mathsf{p}} \hspace{0.5pt} ,$ is calculated to have exactly the same value as observed experimentally. This is because $m_{\mathsf{p}}$ presents an essential fact about the human environment. So it has been meticulously included in the description of human experience. Adjustable parameters like quark energies have been methodically selected²The mass of the proton $m_{\mathsf{p}}$ can be written-out in terms of the work, enthalpy and quark coefficients. The resulting equation can be solved to find $U^{\mathsf{T}}$ the internal-energy of top-quarks as $U^{\mathsf{T}} = U^{\mathsf{B}} + m_{\mathsf{p}} c^{2}/4$ . This relationship between top and bottom quarks is then used to make initial estimates for adjustable parameters. to ensure accuracy.

The Core of a Proton

Quark coefficients are all integer multiples of two in the foregoing quark-model. And so the proton’s iconic image is drawn in two parts with a back row of quarks that are the same as the quarks in front. But we cannot have two identical quarks in the same bundle and still satisfy Pauli’s exclusion principle. So the model is developed further with an additional requirement that quarks on the front-side are out of phase with quarks from the back. This is noted by marking the phase of a quark using a subscript like $\mathsf{q_{\mdsmwhtcircle}}$ or $\mathsf{q_{\mdsmblkcircle}} \hspace{0.5pt} .$

Thus the front-side and back-side of the iconic image represent different phase components of the proton. And since quarks are matched one-to-one between sides, we say that these components have phase symmetry with each other. This arrangement models what we call the proton’s core.

To illustrate this core, the iconic image of a proton can be made into a movie that uses shadows, horizons and background brightness to suggest a quark’s relationship with the frame-of-reference. Mathematically, phase-symmetry is symbolized using $\mathcal{S}$ for various phase-components. Thus a proton core is defined by these sets of quarks

$\mathsf{\Omega} ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) \equiv \left\{ \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \hspace{0.8pt} , \, \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\} \hspace{10px} \text{\sf{where}}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{0.8pt}\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{0.8pt}\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

This definition explicitly shows that all quarks are distinct. They can each be distinguished by their quark-type, their phase, or by association with other quarks in unique nested sets.

Proton Charge

Here is another way of parsing the quarks in a proton. Recall that we have discussed a particle noted by + that is called the baryonic charge. This particle has a charge quantum number of $\scalebox{1.1}{\it{q}} \raisebox{1px}{(}$ + $\scalebox{1.2}{)} \! = \! +1$ and a baryon number of $B \raisebox{1px}{(}$ + $)$ $\normalsize = \! +1.$ It was defined by

+ $\equiv \left\{ \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \, , \; \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\} \; \; \; \text{\sf{where}}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \! \left( \rule{0px}{10 px} \right.$ + $\left. \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \! \left( \rule{0px}{10 px} \right.$ + $\left. \rule{0px}{10 px} \right) \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{b}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

Also, remember the dark roton noted by $\textsf{\ding{116}} .$ This rotating field quantum was defined by

$\textsf{\ding{116}} \equiv \left\{ \, \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathsf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt}\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

An inspection of the quarks in + and $\textsf{\ding{116}}$ shows that they can be matched one-to-one with quarks in the set $\mathsf{\Omega} ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} )$ which was discussed above. So proton cores can be concisely described as the union of a positive baryonic-charge +, with a dark rotating-field $\textsf{\ding{116}}$ . We could say that a proton is a positive-roton

$\textsf{\textit{p}}^{+}$ $=$ {+ $,$ $\textsf{\ding{116}}$ }

Proton Lifetime

The temperature of a proton core is easily found from the average temperature of its component quarks to be

$\begin{align*} T ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) \; &= \frac{1}{N_{\mathsf{q}} } \sum T_{\mathsf{q}} \\ &= \left( 4T_{\mathsf{b}} + 4T_{\mathsf{t}} +4T_{\mathsf{d}} \right)/12 \\ &= \mathrm{2.7254885} \, \mathsf{(K)} \rule{0px}{14px} \end{align*}$

This is within experimental uncertainty of the observed³Fixsen, D. J., Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background, The Astrophysical Journal 707 (2): 916–920 (2009). value of $2.72548 \pm 0.00057$ $( \mathsf{K} )$ for the thermal black body spectrum of the microwave background radiation. This temperature implies a calculated mean life of $1.71 \times 10^{55}$ seconds, which is consistent with the observed⁴K.A. Olive et al. Particle Data Group Review of Particle Physics, Chin. Phys. C, 38, 090001 (2014). lower bound of $6.6 \times 10^{36}$ seconds. So the proton has an extremely long lifetime. This gives it a starring role in narratives connecting cause and effect.

Rotating Protons

Protons have an angular-momentum quantum-number of $\textsl{\textsf{J}} \hspace{1px} ( \hspace{1px} \textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ) \! = \! 1 \! /2 .$ They are rotating. But the handedness of this rotation has not been specified in the foregoing models. So for logically complete descriptions, models are developed further by including some field-quanta called stereoisomers that are made out of stereochemical quarks. These tiny stereoisomers each have a distinct handedness that is then attributed to the proton. To be more exact, here is an elementary stereoisomer that is left-handed

S $\equiv \hspace{2px} \left\{ \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

And here is its right-handed conjugate twin

S $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathbf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{d}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathbf{d}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{d}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

The dextro quarks in these quanta are marked using $\mathbf{d}$ in a bold serified font. Please notice that this is different from $\mathsf{d}$ which was used earlier to symbolize down-quarks. There are also two stereoisomers made of levo quarks

Z $\equiv \left\{ \, \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathbf{l}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\}$

and

Z $\equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{ \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{l}}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

Stereoisomers have an internal-energy of about $10^{-7}$ (MeV) which is usually negligible. So levo-quarks and dextro-quarks are typically overlooked in most descriptions. But for detailed analysis we may note small variations in rotation using diacritical accents.

$\hat{\textsf{\textit{p}}}^{+} \equiv$ { $\textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ,$ S}

$\acute{\textsf{\textit{p}}}^{+} \equiv$ { $\textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ,$ S}

$\grave{\textsf{\textit{p}}}^{+} \equiv$ { $\textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ,$ Z}

$\textsf{\textit{\H{p}}}^{\hspace{2px}+} \equiv$ { $\textsf{\textit{p}}^{+} ,$ Z}

All stereoisomers are defined from four stereochemical-quarks. So logically complete models of protons that use stereoisomers require at least 16 quarks. Here is a limited selection from among the many possibilities.

This table summarizes the quark-coefficients of a proton-core, along with a dozen minor rotational variations. A proton-core cannot satisfy the semantic selection-rule by itself. So a preferred rotational-state is identified as the variation with the lowest mass and least angular-momentum.

There are also three chemically-excited states that have odd-parity or are right-handed. And each stereochemical variant has a couple more states that are optically-excited by absorbing one of the dark photons $\boldsymbol{\! \gamma}^{\text{\ding{70}}}$ or $\boldsymbol{\gamma}$ D.

These nuances are so subtle that the calculated-mass for any of them falls within experimental uncertainty of the proton’s observed⁵US National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg Maryland. Proton mass energy equivalent in MeV. CODATA 2010 recommended value. mass

$m_{\mathsf{p}} \hspace{2px} = \hspace{2px} 938.272 \; 046 \hspace{2px} \pm \hspace{2px} 0.000 \; 021 \hspace{10px} \textsf{(MeV/c}^{2} \textsf{)}$

In practice, they all have the same mass. Moreover, the quark-models for these particles all give identical values for the proton charge and baryon-number. So we do not make too much distinction between them. The symbol $\textsf{\textit{p}}^{+}$ may be used for any of these rotating protons.

Indeed, we often suppose that ‘a proton’ can change its angular-momentum or handedness while still remaining ‘the same proton’. This leads to the question of what we mean by cursory use of the word proton?

A Ground-State Model of the Proton

Here is our preferred model for a proton in its ground state. Unless noted otherwise, it depicts what we usually mean when speaking casually about protons. This ground-state has the lowest mass and least angular-momentum from among a dozen similar states. It fully specifies all quarks and their phases.

$\mathsf{\Omega} ( \hspace{1px} \hat{\textsf{\textit{p}}}^{+} ) \equiv \left\{ \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} \hspace{0.8pt} , \, \mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} \rule{0px}{12px} \right\} \hspace{10px} \text{\sf{where}}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmblkcircle} ( \hspace{1px} \hat{\textsf{\textit{p}}}^{+} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{b}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \left\{ \hspace{0.8pt} \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{1px}\mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{b}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmblkcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

$\mathcal{S}_{\mdsmwhtcircle} ( \hspace{1px} \hat{\textsf{\textit{p}}}^{+} ) \equiv \left\{ \, \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{b}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \left\{ \hspace{0.8pt} \overline{\mathsf{t}}_{\hspace{1px}\mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{b}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \mathsf{d}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle}, \, \overline{\mathbf{d}}_{\hspace{0.8pt} \mdsmwhtcircle} \right\} \rule{0px}{14px} \right\}$

This definition explicitly shows that all the quarks in a ground-state proton are distinct. They can each be distinguished by their quark-type, their phase, or by association with other quarks in unique nested sets. These quarks determine that the ground-state proton is levorotatory and left-handed. It has even-parity. And it is made of ordinary matter.

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References
1	Aristotle, Physics 203 a 21, De Caelo 303 a 16, and De Anima 404 a 4.
2	The mass of the proton $m_{\mathsf{p}}$ can be written-out in terms of the work, enthalpy and quark coefficients. The resulting equation can be solved to find $U^{\mathsf{T}}$ the internal-energy of top-quarks as $U^{\mathsf{T}} = U^{\mathsf{B}} + m_{\mathsf{p}} c^{2}/4$ . This relationship between top and bottom quarks is then used to make initial estimates for adjustable parameters.
3	Fixsen, D. J., Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background, The Astrophysical Journal 707 (2): 916–920 (2009).
4	K.A. Olive et al. Particle Data Group Review of Particle Physics, Chin. Phys. C, 38, 090001 (2014).
5	US National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg Maryland. Proton mass energy equivalent in MeV. CODATA 2010 recommended value.